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Rowe, M. (2007) Meervisage - A Community Based Annotation Tool. ‘Towards a Social Science of Web 2.0’ Conference at the University of York 5-6th September, 2007.
How SW can benefit from incorporation with existing 'Social Web'.
"...collaborative generation of metadata... using social networks as a user base..."
Uses fb groups created for sharing and organisation of research. Suggests posting links to useful resources is comparable to annotating the resource. Comments are more metadata.
Points out usual stuff of actually generating semantic data being a problem for SW.
System requirements:
Review of existing systems:
[1] Using existing information to derive semantics from folksonomies
(delicious):
_X Wu, L Zhang, Y Yu. Exploring social annotations for the Semantic Web.
_Proceedings of the 15th international conference on the World Wide Web,
2006.
[15] Social bookmarking tools and how semantic info aids resource discovery. Probabalistic model of how resources are annotated:
_A Plangprasopchok, K Lerman. Exploiting Social Annotation for Automatic _Resource Discovery. Eprint arXiv, 2007.
[16] Distributed nature of folksonomies. Improve search mechanisms. Tags not great:
S Choy, A. Lui. Web Information Retrieval in Collaborative Tagging Systems. Proceedings of International Conference on Web Intelligence, 2006.
(vs.)[17] Rigid taxonomies not great:
_C Shirky. Ontology is Overrated: Categories, Links, and Tags. Clay Shirky’s _Writings About the Internet, 2005.
[18] Methodology for easier browsing of large scale social annotations:
Z Xu, Y Fu, J Mao, D Su. Towards the semantic web: Collaborative tag suggestions. Collaborative Web Tagging Workshop at WWW2006, 2006.
All use one annotation per resource, not annotation of content within, so only one lot of metadata about a page.
Meervisage
"To aid the process of collaborative annotation of web documents"
Allows sharing of annotations between subset of SNS users (eg. fb group).
Management of users and groups offloaded to third party.
Stored in central annotation store.
Annotations contain author, SNS, folksonomies and date. Made from content within.
Meerkat is "responsible for generating semantic metadata by annotating external web resources." Meervisage for management via social network.
Meerkat allows a user to edit another user's annotations if they are members of the same group on facebook.
Popularity rating of resources rises with fb discussion.
Meerkat informs browser users if they come across a resource that has been heavily discussed on fb, and by which group etc.
Meervisage also provides RSS feed.
Evaluate by comparing precision and recall metrics of annotations by one user in an allotted time, and those by a group.
-> Don't know how this helps to assess quality of annotations; maybe I'm dumb? Find out.
Limited to private, says it's like that's a good think :s
Oh, because public access would be "laborious and resource intensive".
Annotations rated on usefulness and weighted.
[20] Attempt to describe folksonomies as part of formal ontology. Meervisage doesn't; limited to users' viewpoint:
_S Angeletou, M Sabou, L Specia, E Motta. Bridging the Gap Between Folksonomies and the Semantic Web: An Experience Report. Workshop: Bridging the Gap between Semantic Web and Web 2.0, European Semantic Web Conference, _2007.
[9] + [13] are most similar. Have groups, but groups aren't already established networks.
Future work
Annotating multimedia.
Matching assigned tags with ontology terms mined from Web.
[19] Desktop app for annotating text with ontology:
A Chakravarthy, F Ciravegna, V Lanfranchi. AKTiveMedia: Cross-media Document Annotation and Enrichment. Poster Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Semantic Web Conference, 2006.
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J. Hendler, T. Berners-Lee, From the Semantic Web to social machines: A research challenge for AI on the World Wide Web, Artificial Intelligence (2009), doi:10.1016/j.artint.2009.11.010
Powerful human interactions enabled by futuristic high-speed infrastructure.
Empower Web of people via coupling of AI, social computing and new technologies. "humanity in the loop".
Social machine: "...processes in which people do the creative work and the machine does the administration." (Weaving the Web, p172).
Struggling with social mechanisms to control predatory behaviour and threats to privacy.
-> Tech must be developed that allows user communities to construct / share / adapt social machines, so successful models evolve through trial, use and refinement.
Claims a new generation of Web Technologies needed to overcome barriers to this; cross-disciplinary approach needed.
"...a revolutionarily more powerful platform for the individual, enabled by realizing that the individual is also a member of a community" (/ies)
"architecture of the future Web must be designed to allow the virtually unlimited interaction of the Web of people" (vs. documents now)
Giant Global Graph - dig.csail.mit.edu/breadcrumbs/node/215
SW deployment:
"disruptive potential" of SWt, "important paradigm shift"
"little work in understanding the impact of their new capability"
"the smaller we can make the individual steps of this transformation, the easier it will be to find humans who can be incentivized to perform those steps."
"need to develop mechanisms to enable [connections between people]"
Lack structure for formally computing qualities like:
"requires data structures... to treat social expectations and legal rules as first-class objects" ("declarative rule-based infrastructure that is appropriate for the Web").
"open and distributed nature of the Web requires that rule sets be linked together."Cross-context use, sometimes unanticipated.Inconsistency sure to arise. No logics that control contradiction have been shown to scale well.
New approaches to problem of specifying contexts (need).
SMs must be able to apply different policies based on context.
Work in ontologies must extend to allow user communities to identify bias and share different interpretations.
Current security models / mechanisms insufficient.
[1] - formal models for privacy: L. Backstrom, C. Dwork, J. Kleinberg, Wherefore art thou r3579x?: Anonymized social networks, hidden patterns, and structural steganography, in: Proceedings of the 16th International World Wide Web Conference, Banff, 2007, pp. 181–190.
Provenance important in determining trustworthiness.
[20] information accountability, legal and public policy: D. Weitzner, H. Abelson, T. Berners-Lee, J. Feigenbaum, J. Hendler, G. Sussman, Information accountability, Communications of the ACM (June 2008).
policy-rule-based languages.Reasoners that can interpret policy and determine which uses of data are policy-compliant.-> How to tackle scaling?
RespectMyPrivacy dig.csail.mit.edu/2009/SocialWebPrivacy
[4] Lit review: T. Berners-Lee, W. Hall, J. Hendler, K. O’Hara, N. Shadbolt, D. Weitzner, A framework for web science, Foundations and Trends in Web Science 1 (1) (2006).
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Lawrence, K.F., schraefel, m.c.: Bringing communities to the semantic web and the semantic
web to communities. In: Proceedings of WWW2006. (2006)
Research into SW communities:
Compare with other definitions of communities outside of SW.
Concept: Internet Based Community Network, has properties of COP and SN.
Case study: Amateur Fiction Online.
Early community definitions, Howard Rheingold: "..webs of personal relationships in cyberspace."
1996 CSCW Conference defined prototypical attributes of communities (Whittacker):
-> More attributes = clearer example of community.
Preece:
^^ Things in common. Whittacker's is more inclusive/broad.
So for a SW SN:
COP or SN may describe a community, not necessarily. IBCN will do, and could be a COP or SN too.
Problem of Amateur Fic. is fluctuation of archive. Personal sites go down etc. How to find a story you remember a bit of?
IBCN is also combination of WBSN and virtual community.
Lack of incentive to use FOAF (eg. on LiveJournal etc) (Plus ignorance).
Doesn't offer anything they don't already have.
They don't use much metadata, just tons of human-readable stuff.
SW would allow:
FOP extension to FOAF for anonymous identities.
('Fan Online Persona' - why not just 'Online Persona'?)
Consistency likely in community-based system because of advantages of
reputation etc. Identity cost.
Shared set of behaviour values, or risk losing rep.
Reputation gained by taking part. (definitive part of community).
Additionally by creating works.
foaf:document and foaf:groups allow users to give details about their own creations and review work of others.
OntoMedia to describe content complements FOP.
Options in FOP gathered from study of metadata of works in mailing lists,
websites and groups.
Recommender system -> notification system.
Allow SNS of writers to be studied at friend level and collaboration level.
Application to allow users to create FOP under development...
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Michael O. Jewell, K. Faith Lawrence, Adam Prugel-Bennett, and m. c. schraefel (200?) Annotation of Multimedia Using OntoMedia
Check out a bit of discussion about this paper on Ontologies with a View.
OntoMedia for representing "diverse range of media".
Others for media:
None quite did what was needed.
So created to map to current models but specifically describe media content.
Hierarchical approach.
1\\\\. Overview
Entity / Event system
Entity: object, concept
Event: interaction between one or more entities
0 or more Entities are modified OR new Entity created
Entities not destroyed, but may have not-exists attribute
Decompose to sub-ontologies.
ontomedia.ecs.soton.ac.uk/ontologies
Mediate? Graphical interface. interaction.ecs.soton.ac.uk/ir/projects/ontomedia/ontomedia
Sub-ontologies
Specified in OWL
Developed in Protege and SWOOP.
2\\\\. Case Study
Scene from Total Recall annotated. Represent script and characters, and
characters from related book, and links between two forms.
Screenplay annotation - SiX - Screenplays in XML.
Wraps around existing content.
Transition (cuts, fades, blackouts), location, dialogue and direction (action
taking place in the script)
SiX allows for DC, for creators, date, descr, title.
Custom XSL to conform marked up scripts to Oscar requirements for readability.
Script Item extends Media Item to link script representation to OntoMedia.
Use has-expression to tie to OntoMedia:Expression.
Describing places and access etc, like lift, like IF.
\\\\- For describing character continuity, eg 'can character really see x' etc.
Must describe events that don't occur. Characters want to occur, etc. Multiple timelines, dreams.
Declare events.
Create timeline and add occurances.
\\\\- events can be reused, and coincide.
3\\\\. Testing / querying
Imported into Sesame triplestore.
RDQL queries (subset of SPARQL, simpler, only ever has 1 graph pattern,
doesn't use RDF data typing)
4\\\\. Conclusion
No examples of pictures - how to annotate comics?
Combining OM with other apps.
Stuff integrated into Mediate.
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K. Faith Lawrence & Dr. Monica Schrafel (2007) Amateur Fiction Online - The Web of Community Trust: **A Case Study in Community Focused Design for the Semantic Web. Intelligence, Agents, Multimedia (IAM) Group, School of Electronics and Computer Science, **University of Southampton.
NB. Need to read her full thesis, of the same name. Will probably clear up some of the questions I scribbled whilst reading the paper.
Finding out if Semantic Web tools can be brought to hobbyist groups on the Web.
Related work
Case study
Fan Online Persona (FOP)
Trust
FicNet has a more specialised trust system than Golbeck's.
=> How did they get to talk to the parents of younger users? Did they ask the members to put them in touch? That doesn't seem like a realistic expectation to have, to me..
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